Domestication effects on foraging behaviour - consequences for adaptability in chickens
نویسنده
چکیده
The main aim of this thesis was to study domestication effects on foraging behaviour in chickens and to investigate whether and how domestication and selection for high production have influenced adaptability in chickens. Two domestic strains of chickens (egg layers and meat type chickens) and their wild ancestor, the red jungle fowl (RJF) were compared in different test situations with respect to foraging behaviour and adaptability. The domestic strains showed a modified foraging strategy, where they were less inclined to explore and feed from a hidden food source, i.e. they showed less contrafreeloading (CFL, the behaviour of working for food even though identical food can be easily obtained) than RJF. The difference in CFL between RJF and the layers were not altered by food deprivation, which suggests that the lower CFL in the layers represents a genetically based difference in feeding strategy. In addition, CFL decreased with age in RJF and layers and social isolation decreased CFL in RJF. Furthermore, when foraging, RJF acquired information about the quality of different food sources, which was utilised after a change in environmental conditions. Contrary to this, layers gained less information during foraging and showed an impaired spatial learning ability compared to RJF, and in this respect, layers showed a lower degree of adaptability. Chronic stress impaired the learning capacity of both breeds but RJF seemed to be overall faster to learn to locate food in a spatial learning task. Furthermore, stressed RJF started to eat faster in the spatial learning test than non-stressed RJF, and contrary to this, stressed layers showed a more passive response by prolonging the time to start feeding compared to non-stressed layers. This indicates a more active response to stress in RJF than in layers. Similarly, when RJF and layers were exposed to food deprivation, RJF showed an active response by increasing their time spent on foraging behaviour. The general results in this thesis most likely reflect different adaptive strategies, where RJF appear to be better adapted to a stochastic environment, and the domestic strains to grow and produce egg in a more predictable environment. The findings are in accordance with the resource allocation theory, which suggests that animals selected for high production are expected to reallocate a high proportion of resources into production traits and hence fewer resources might be left to other biological processes, e.g. exploratory behaviour. Selection for high production seems to influence the ability of chickens to cope with a changing environment, which may have implications for the welfare of chickens in a production environment. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING I denna avhandling används djungelhöns (ursprungsarten), värphöns och broiler (tamhöns) för att studera hur djuren har påverkats av domesticering och hur avel för produktionsegenskaper (äggproduktion, snabb tillväxt) har påverkat deras sätt att söka föda. Dessutom studeras vilken betydelse detta kan ha för deras förmåga att anpassa sig till olika miljöer och situationer. Generellt visar resultaten att höns avlade för att värpa många och stora ägg använder ett mer energisparande sätt att hitta föda än ursprungsarten och att de verkar ha svårare att anpassa sig till förändringar i sin livsmiljö. Både broilers och värphöns är mindre benägna att utforska nya matplatser. Värphönsen visar en försämrad inlärningsförmåga, är sämre på att skaffa information om kvaliteten på olika födokällor och verkar reagera mindre aktivt då de utsätts för brist på mat, jämfört med djungelhönsen. Skillnaderna i beteende beror antagligen på att hönsen utvecklat olika beteendestrategier. Djungelhönsen är anpassade att leva i en mer oförutsägbar miljö, där det antagligen är fördelaktigt att investera energiresurser i utforskande beteenden samt skaffa sig information om sin livsmiljö. Höns i produktionsmiljö är anpassade att växa snabbt och producera många ägg i en mer förutsägbar miljö (god tillgång på mat, vatten och skydd mot rovdjur), där mer resurser investeras i produktionsegenskaper. Om en orimligt stor del av djurets resurser investeras i produktionsegenskaper kan det ske på bekostnad av andra energikrävande livsprocesser, d.v.s. mindre resurser finns då kvar till energikrävande beteenden som t.ex. utforskande beteende. Utforskande beteende och en bra kognitiv förmåga har betydelse för djurets förmåga att anpassa sig till olika situationer. En försämring av dessa egenskaper kan eventuellt påverka djurets välfärd negativt, då det i produktionsmiljön kan möta olika utmaningar som att hållas i stora grupper, omgrupperas med nya individer, möta nya skötare och förflyttas till nya miljöer. Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att höns avlade för produktionsegenskaper använder ett mer energisparande sätt att söka föda jämfört med ursprungsarten, antagligen som en anpassning till att mer av djurets resurser investeras i produktionsegenskaper. Dessutom verkar värphönsens anpassningsförmåga ha försämrats vilket kan ha betydelse för deras välfärd i produktionsmiljö.
منابع مشابه
Effects of Divergent Selection for Fear of Humans on Behaviour in Red Junglefowl
Domestication has caused a range of similar phenotypic changes across taxa, relating to physiology, morphology and behaviour. It has been suggested that this recurring domesticated phenotype may be a result of correlated responses to a central trait, namely increased tameness. We selected Red Junglefowl, the ancestors of domesticated chickens, during five generations for reduced fear of humans....
متن کاملDomestication Effects on the Stress Response in Chickens Genetics, Physiology, and Behaviour
متن کامل
Domestication effects on behavioural synchronization and individual distances in chickens (Gallus gallus).
Behavioural synchrony (allelomimetic behaviour), and inter-individual distances are aspects of social and anti-predator strategies which may have been affected by domestication. Chickens are known to adjust synchronization and inter-individual distances depending on behaviour. We hypothesized that White Leghorn (WL) chickens would show less synchronized behaviour than the ancestor, the red jung...
متن کاملDomestication and ontogeny effects on the stress response in young chickens (Gallus gallus)
Domestication is thought to increase stress tolerance. The connection between stressor exposure, glucocorticoids and behavioural responses has been studied in adults, where domestication effects are evident. Early stress exposure may induce detrimental effects both in short-and long term. Previous research has reported a lack of glucocorticoid response in newly hatched chickens (Gallus gallus),...
متن کاملDomestication and tameness: brain gene expression in red junglefowl selected for less fear of humans suggests effects on reproduction and immunology
The domestication of animals has generated a set of phenotypic modifications, affecting behaviour, appearance, physiology and reproduction, which are consistent across a range of species. We hypothesized that some of these phenotypes could have evolved because of genetic correlation to tameness, an essential trait for successful domestication. Starting from an outbred population of red junglefo...
متن کامل